Puddle-Borne Pathogens: A Guide to Leptospirosis in Pets

What is leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is zoonotic, meaning the disease can be transmitted from animals to humans. This potentially serious disease is caused by Leptospira bacteria that come in many serovars, or strains. The bacteria are found in soil and water and spread through the urine of infected animals. Dogs are more commonly affected than cats, but recent studies suggest that cats may also be at risk.

How is leptospirosis transmitted to pets?

Leptospirosis in pets is typically transmitted through direct contact with contaminated water, soil, or food. Pets can contract the bacteria by:

• Drinking contaminated water
• Contacting infected urine
• Eating contaminated food
• Through open wounds or mucous membranes

Wildlife such as rats, raccoons, and skunks are common disease carriers. Wild animals are more frequently found in urban environments as their habitats are eliminated. As wild animals shift to urban living, more and more pets are at risk of contracting leptospirosis.

What are leptospirosis signs in pets?

Leptospirosis signs in pets can vary widely. Signs may also resemble other illnesses, making diagnosis challenging. Common signs include:

• Fever
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Appetite loss
• Lethargy
• Jaundice (i.e., yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Muscle pain and stiffness
• Increased thirst and urination

Signs in dogs can vary in severity, and specific tests are necessary to diagnose the infection. Cats often show no signs of illness.

How is leptospirosis diagnosed and treated in pets?

If your veterinarian suspects leptospirosis, they will start with a thorough exam. They may also recommend blood tests, urine tests, and imaging to diagnose the disease. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care. Hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases that involve organ damage. Prompt treatment can significantly improve the prognosis, but severe cases can lead to long-term health issues or be fatal.

How can I prevent leptospirosis in my pet?

Preventing leptospirosis in pets involves a combination of practices. Protect your pet and yourself from infection by:

• Vaccinating your pet — Vaccines that are available for dogs can effectively prevent leptospirosis. While no vaccine exists for cats, keeping them indoors can reduce exposure risk.
• Avoiding stagnant water — Don’t let your pet drink or swim in stagnant water, especially in areas inhabited by wildlife.
• Controlling rodent populations — Reduce leptospirosis risk by controlling rodent populations around your home.
• Practicing good hygiene — Always wash your hands after cleaning up urine and feces.

Can my cat get leptospirosis?

Traditionally, leptospirosis has been considered rare in cats. However, recent studies show that cats can be carriers and may develop the disease more frequently than previously thought. While cats often don’t exhibit overt symptoms, they can still shed the bacteria in their urine. Therefore, leptospirosis should be considered a threat to cats, particularly in multi-pet households or areas with large rodent populations.

Can I get leptospirosis from my pet?

As a zoonotic disease, leptospirosis poses a significant risk to people. The bacteria can infect people through contact with contaminated urine or other body fluids from infected animals. People can also contract leptospirosis by contacting contaminated water or soil.

Some people are at an increased risk for lepto, including:

• Pet owners, particularly those with dogs or cats diagnosed with leptospirosis
• Veterinary professionals
• Farmers and agricultural workers
• Outdoor enthusiasts who hike, swim, or camp in areas where the bacteria are present

In people, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms that may include:

• High fever
• Headache
• Chills
• Muscle aches
• Vomiting
• Jaundice
• Red eyes
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Rash

Severe cases can lead to kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress. Prompt medical attention is crucial for effective treatment, which typically involves antibiotics.

Leptospirosis is a serious disease that can affect dogs and cats. Understanding the transmission, signs, and preventive measures can keep you and your furry friend safe from this illness. Schedule an appointment with your AAHA-accredited veterinarian to keep your pet’s vaccinations up-to-date and detect issues before they become serious problems.