Step 4: Anesthetic Protocols
Multimodal Analgesic Drug Considerations for the Four Phases of Anesthesia Preanesthesia: NSAIDs, opioids, alpha-2 agonists, ±maropitant, +/- gabapentin Induction: Sometimes opioids, potentially ketamine (induction dose = loading dose for continuous rate infusion [CRI]) Maintenance: Local/regional blocks, CRI (opioid, lidocaine, ketamine, alpha-2 agonists, combinations), boluses of opioids or alpha-2 agonists Recovery: NSAIDs, boluses of opioids or alpha-2 agonists, continue CRI, ±maropitant, ±gabapentin or other adjunctive drugs