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References

References for the 2021 AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.

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  1. Baldwin K, Barges J, Buffington T, et al. AAHA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010;46:285–96.
  2. Brooks D, Churchill J, Fein K, et al. 2014 AAHA Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats 2014. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014;50:1–11.
  3. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members, Freeman L, Becvarova I, et al. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guide- lines. J Small Anim Pract 2011;52:385–96.
  4. American College of Veterinary Nutrition. ACVN Diet History Form. Available at: http://acvn.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ACVN-Diet- History-Form-2020-FINAL_fillable.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  5. World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Short Diet History Form. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Diet-History- Form.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2020.
  6. Murphy M, German AJ, Cline MG. Establishing a weight management program in clinical practice. In: Cline MG, Murphy M, eds. Obesity in the Dog and Cat. 1st ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2019:133–61.
  7. Canine Body Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Body-Condition-Score-Dog.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2021.
  8. Feline Body Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Body-Condition-Score-Cat.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2020.
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  10. Laflamme D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Pract 1997;25:13–8.
  11. Bjornvad CR, Nielsen DH, Armstrong PJ, et al. Evaluation of a nine- point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:433–7.
  12. Canine Muscle Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Muscle-Condition-Score-Chart-for-Dogs.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2020.
  13. Feline Muscle Condition Score. Available at: https://wsava.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Muscle-Condition-Score-Chart-for-Cats.pdf. Accessed October 23, 2020.
  14. Freeman LM, Michel KE, Zanghi BM, et al. Evaluation of the use of muscle condition score and ultrasonographic measurements for as- sessment of muscle mass in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019;80:595–600.
  15. Freeman LM, Michel KE, Zanghi BM, et al. Usefulness of muscle con- dition score and ultrasonographic measurements for assessment of muscle mass in cats with cachexia and sarcopenia. Am J Vet Res 2020;81:254–9.
  16. Michel KE, Anderson W, Cupp C, et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2011;106(suppl 1):S57–9.
  17. Freeman LM. Cachexia and sarcopenia: emerging syndromes of im- portance in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:3–17.
  18. Witzel AL, Kirk CA, Henry GA, et al. Use of a novel morphometric method and body fat index system for estimation of body composition in overweight and obese dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;244:1279–84.
  19. Witzel AL, Kirk CA, Henry GA, et al. Use of a morphometric method and body fat index system for estimation of body composition in overweight and obese cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;244:1285–90.
  20. Purina Veterinary Diets. Available at: https://www.proplanveterinar- ydiets.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/PPPVD-Fecal-Scoring-Chart-EN- FINAL.pdf. Accessed April 19, 2021.
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  25. Dantas LMS, Delgado MM, Johnson I, et al. Food puzzles for cats: feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:723–32.
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  45. Root MV, Johnston SD, Olson PN. Effect of prepuberal and postpuberal gonadectomy on heat production measured by indirect calorimetry in male and female domestic cats. Am J Vet Res 1996;57:371–4.
  46. Jeusette I, Detilleux J, Cuvelier C, et al. Ad libitum feeding following ovariectomy in female beagle dogs: effect on maintenance energy re- quirement and on blood metabolites. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2004; 88:117–21.
  47. Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2006;4:177–86.
  48. Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005;3:91.
  49. Adams VJ, Watson P, Carmichael S. Exceptional longevity and po- tential determinants of successful ageing in a cohort of 39 Labrador retrievers: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Acta Vet Scand 2016;58:29.
  50. Laflamme DP, Martineau B, Jones B, et al. Effect of age on maintenance energy requirements and apparent digestibility of canine diets. Com- pend Contin Educ Small Animal Pract 2000;22:113.
  51. Divol G, Priymenko N. A new model for evaluating maintenance en- ergy requirements in dogs: allometric equation from 319 pet dogs. J Nutr Sci 2017;6:e53.
  52. Bermingham EN, Thomas DG, Cave NJ, et al. Energy requirements of adult dogs: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e109681.
  53. Speakman JR, van Acker A, Harper EJ. Age-related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their re- lationship to life expectancy. Aging Cell 2003;2:265–75.
  54. Teshima E, Brunetto MA, Vasconcellos RS, et al. Nutrient digestibility, but not mineral absorption, is age-dependent in cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010;94:e251–8.
  55. Perez-Camargo G. Cat nutrition: what is new in the old? Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2004;26:5–10.
  56. Taylor EJ, Adams C, Neville R. Some nutritional aspects of ageing in cats and dogs. Proc Nutr Soc 1995;54:645–56.
  57. Flanagan J, Bissot T, Hours M-A, et al. An international multi-centre cohort study of weight loss in overweight cats: Differences in outcome in different geographical locations. PLOS ONE 2018;13:e0200414.
  58. Flanagan J, Bissot T, Hours M-A, et al. Success of a weight loss plan for overweight dogs: The results of an international weight loss study. PLOS ONE 2017;12:e0184199.
  59. Rollins AW, Murphy M, Moyers TD. Use of an automatic feeder for weight loss in multiple cat households: preliminary results [abstract]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020;104:405.
  60. Lambrecht KJ, Hardar BN, Bernardo TM. Preliminary results using home pet health technology in a multiple cat household weight man- agement program. Abstracts of the 20th AAVN Clinical Nutrition & Research Symposium [abstract]. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020: 104:1588.
  61. Porsani MYH, Teixeira FA, Amaral AR, et al. Factors associated with failure of dog’s weight loss programmes. Vet Med Sci 2020;6:299–305.
  62. Deagle G, Holden SL, Biourge V, et al. Long-term follow-up after weight management in obese cats. J Nutr Sci 2014;3:e25.
  63. German AJ, Holden SL, Morris PJ, et al. Long-term follow-up after weight management in obese dogs: the role of diet in preventing regain. Vet J 2012;192:65–70.
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  65. des Courtis X, Wei A, Kass PH, et al. Influence of dietary protein level on body composition and energy expenditure in calorically restricted overweight cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015;99(3):474–82.
  66. Blanchard G, Nguyen P, Gayet C, et al. Rapid weight loss with a high- protein low-energy diet allows the recovery of ideal body composition and insulin sensitivity in obese dogs. J Nutr 2004;134(suppl 8):2148S–50S.
  67. Bissot, T, et al. Novel dietary strategies can improve the outcome of weight loss programmes in obese client-owned cats. JFMS 2010 Feb;12(2):104-12.
  68. Weber M, Bissot T, Servet E, et al. A high-protein, high-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:1203–8.
  69. Wei A, Fascetti AJ, Villaverde C, et al. Effect of water content in a canned food on voluntary food intake and body weight in cats. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:918–23.
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  72. MacMartin C, Wheat HC, Coe JB, et al. Effect of question design on dietary information solicited during veterinarian-client interactions in companion animal practice in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;246:1203–14.
  73. Coe JB, O’Connor R, MacMartin C, et al. Effects of three diet history questions on the amount of information gained from a sample of pet owners in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020;256:469–78.
  74. Coe JB, Adams CL, Bonnett BN. A focus group study of veterinarians’ and pet owners’ perceptions of the monetary aspects of veterinary care. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;234:1418–1424.
  75. German AJ, Holden SL, Mason SL, et al. Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2011;95:368–373.
  76. Murphy M, Lusby AL, Bartges JW, et al. Size of food bowl and scoop affects amount of food owners feed their dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2012;96:237–241.
  77. Coe JB, Rankovic A, Edwards TR, et al. Dog owner’s accuracy measuring different volumes of dry dog food using three different measuring devices. Vet Rec 2019;185:599.
  78. WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute. Puppy Growth Charts. Available at: https://www.waltham.com/resources/puppy-growth-charts.
  79. Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1315–1320.
  80. Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Five-year longitudinal study on limited food consumption and development of osteoarthritis in coxofemoral joints of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:222-.
  81. German AJ, Blackwell E, Evans M, et al. Overweight dogs exercise less frequently and for shorter periods: results of a large online survey of dog owners from the UK. J Nutr Sci 2017;6
  82. Corbee RJ. Obesity in show cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2014;98:1075–1080.
  83. Herrera Uribe J, Vitger AD, Ritz C, et al. Physical training and weight loss in dogs lead to transcriptional changes in genes involved in the glucose-transport pathway in muscle and adipose tissues. Vet J Lond Engl 1997 2016;208:22–27.
  84. Warren BS, Wakshlag JJ, Maley M, et al. Use of pedometers to measure the relationship of dog walking to body condition score in obese and non-obese dogs. Br J Nutr 2011;106 Suppl 1:S85-89.
  85. Vitger AD, Stallknecht BM, Nielsen DH, et al. Integration of a physical training program in a weight loss plan for overweight pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:174–182.
  86. Curl AL, Bibbo J, Johnson RA. Dog Walking, the Human-Animal Bond and Older Adults’ Physical Health. Gerontologist 2017;57:930–939.
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  88. Coe JB, Adams CL, Bonnett BN. A focus group study of veterinarians’ and pet owners’ perceptions of veterinarian client communication in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:1072–1080.
  89. Janke N, Coe JB, Bernardo TM, Dewey CE, Stone EA (2021) Pet owners’ and veterinarians’ perceptions of information exchange and clinical decision-making in companion animal practice. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0245632.
  90. Coe JB, Adams CL, Bonnett BN. Prevalence and nature of cost dis- cussions during clinical appointments in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;231:1510–8.
  91. Kanji N, Coe JB, Adams CL, et al. Effect of veterinarian-client-patient interactions on client adherence to dentistry and surgery recommen- dations in companion-animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240: 427–36.
  92. Gross KL, Jewell DE, Yamka RM, et al. Macronutrients. In: Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, et al., eds. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 5th ed. Topeka (KS): Mark Morris Institute; 2010:61.
  93. MacMartin C, Wheat HC, Coe JB, et al. Effect of question design on dietary information solicited during veterinarian-client interactions in companion animal practice in Ontario, Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;246:1203-1214.
  94. The European Food Information Council (EUFIC). The Determinants of Food Choice. Available at: https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/ article/the-determinants-of-food-choice. Accessed May 30, 2020.
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These guidelines are supported by generous educational grants from Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Purina® Pro Plan® Veterinary Diets, and Royal Canin®.

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