Types of Cancer in Pets

Lymphoma in pets

Lymphoma is one of the most common types of cancer in dogs and cats. It originates in the lymphatic system, which is responsible for immune function. This cancer type occurs when lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell, grow out of control. Signs may include swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, lethargy, and vomiting. There are multiple forms of lymphoma, including multicentric (i.e., affecting multiple lymph nodes), gastrointestinal (GI), and mediastinal (i.e., involving the chest). Diagnosis typically involves imaging and fine-needle aspirates or biopsies of affected lymph nodes. Treatment often includes chemotherapy, which can lead to significant remission periods and improved quality of life for affected pets.

Mast cell tumors in pets

Mast cell tumors are the most common skin tumors in dogs. They arise from mast cells, which are involved in allergic responses and inflammation. This type of cancer in pets can vary greatly in appearance, from small lumps to aggressive forms that invade surrounding tissues. Signs can include itchy skin, swelling, and redness. Diagnosis requires a biopsy to grade the tumor. Treatment typically involves surgical removal and, in some cases, chemotherapy, especially for higher-grade tumors.

Osteosarcoma in pets

Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive bone cancer that primarily affects large dog breeds, such as Great Danes and rottweilers. The cancer usually manifests as a painful swelling in the limbs, leading to lameness and reluctance to exercise. Because this cancer type can metastasize quickly in pets, early diagnosis is crucial. Treatment often involves surgical amputation of the affected limb, followed by chemotherapy to address cancer spread.

Hemangiosarcoma in pets

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of blood vessels that most often affects the spleen, heart, and skin. This aggressive type of cancer in pets often goes undetected until the signs, such as sudden weakness, collapse, or abdominal swelling from internal bleeding, are severe. Because hemangiosarcoma can progress rapidly, early detection is essential. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the prognosis for hemangiosarcoma is guarded, so regular veterinary check-ups are crucial for early identification of potential health issues.

Oral cancer in pets

Oral cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, are increasingly being recognized in pets, especially older dogs and cats. Signs may include bad breath, difficulty eating, excessive drooling, and visible lumps in the mouth. Oral tumors can be aggressive and may invade local tissues or metastasize to lymph nodes. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough oral exam under anesthesia, imaging, and a biopsy. Treatment options include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and in some cases, chemotherapy.

Mammary cancer in pets

Mammary cancer is more commonly diagnosed in female dogs and cats, particularly those who have not been spayed or were spayed later in life. Tumors that develop in the mammary glands may be benign or malignant. Signs include lumps, swelling, or discharge in the mammary region. Diagnosis requires a biopsy, and treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected glands. Chemotherapy may be necessary for more aggressive forms. Early spaying significantly reduces mammary tumor risk.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in pets

TCC is a malignant tumor that affects the urinary bladder. It’s most commonly diagnosed in older dogs, particularly certain breeds such as Scottish terriers and West Highland white terriers. Signs include frequent urination, blood in the urine, straining to urinate, and urinary incontinence. Diagnosis may involve imaging and cystoscopy to visualize the bladder. Treatment typically includes surgery to remove the tumor and chemotherapy or palliative care to manage symptoms.

Understanding the types of cancer in pets is an important step toward early detection and intervention. Regular veterinary check-ups, combined with close observation of your pet’s behavior and any physical changes, can help you spot potential cancer signs early. Contact your AAHA-accredited veterinarian today to schedule your pet’s wellness appointment.